Therapeutic Effect of Gegentang Granules on Mouse Model with hCoV-229E Pneumonia and Hanshi Yidu Xifei Syndrome.

Objective:To determine the therapeutic effect of Gegentang granules on a disease-syndrome mouse model combining human coronavirus 229EhCoV-229Epneumonia with Hanshi Yidu Xifei syndrome in vivo. Method(s): Mice were randomly divided into normal group,infection group,cold-dampness group,model group,chloroquine phosphate group0.18 g.kg-1,interferon-alpha2bIFN-alpha2bgroup1.83x106 U.kg-1, Gegentang granules high-dose and low-dose groups6.6,3.3 g.kg-1with 10 mice in each group. Cold-dampness environment and hCoV-229E infection were used for modeling,and the general status and lung index of mice in each group were observed. The viral load in lung tissue was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reactionReal-time PCR,the pathological changes in lung tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosinHEstaining,the levels of serum gastrointestinal hormones and inflammatory factors in lung tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELISA,and the percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes was detected by flow cytometry. Result(s):Comparing with model group,Gegentang granules could significantly alleviate the physical signs of Hanshi Yidu Xifei syndrome,including listlessness,weakness of limbs,sticky stool,etc. Comparing with model group,Gegentang granules high-dose group significantly reduced lung index,histopathological score of interstitial lung and bronchus,and the level of serum motilinP< 0.05,P<0.01,two doses of Gegentang granules could significantly increase the level of serum gastrinP< 0.05,P<0.01,the percentage of CD4+ ,CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral bloodP<0.05,P<0.01,and the level of tumor necrosis factor-alphaTNF-alphain lung tissue was significantly decreasedP<0.01,and the level of interleukin-6IL-6showed decreasing tendency. Conclusion(s): Gegentang granules has therapeutic effect on model mice. It can improve the appearance and behavior characterization,regulate the level of gastrointestinal hormones,decrease lung index and histopathological score,and possibly play an immunomodulatory role by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue and restoring the percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes.Copyright © 2022, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.

Evaluation Effectiveness of in Vitro Cultivation of Bezoar on Mouse Model Combining Disease with Syndrome of Coronavirus Pneumonia with Yidu Xifei Syndrome.

Objective:To determine the therapeutic effect of in vitro cultivation of bezoar on a mouse model adding disease with syndrome of coronavirus pneumonia with Yidu Xifei syndrome. Method: BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups according to their weight grade:normal group,HCoV-229E infection group,cold and damp group,a mouse model combining disease with syndrome of coronavirus pneumonia with Yidu Xifei syndrome,and high and low dose group of in vitro cultivation of bezoar. The combination model of human coronavirus pneumonia with Yidu Xifei syndrome mice was established by the method of cold dampness condition stimulation+coronavirus HCoV-229E infection. In vitro cultivation of bezoar (0.128,0.064 g.kg-1 )was administrated by gavage for 3 days from the day of infection. The observation indexes included:general state observation of mice,inhibition rate of lung index and lung index of mice. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(Real-time PCR)was used to detect the viral load in the lung tissues of mice. Serum levels of motilin(MTL),gastrin(GAS),and cytokines interleukin(IL)-10,IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha)and interferon-gamma(IFN-gamma)in lung tissue of mice were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The percentages of CD4+ T lymphocytes,CD8+ T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes in the blood of mice were determined by flow cytometry. Result:The high and low dose group of in vitro cultivation of bezoar can significantly improve the general condition of model mice. Compared with blank group, model group mice lung index increased significantly(P<0.01), nucleic acids significantly increased expression of lung tissue in mice(P<0.01),significantly higher serum MTL content in mice,GAS content significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01),lung tissue cells in the immune factor TNF-alpha,IL-10 and IL-6 were significantly increased(P<0.01),peripheral blood lymphocyte CD4+ T cells in mice,The percentages of CD8+ T cells and B cells were significantly decreased(P<0.01). Compared with model group, in vitro cultivation bezoar mice lung index of high and low dose group were significantly lower(P<0.01),the lung tissue of mice express nucleic acid decreased significantly(P<0.01),MTL content decreased significantly(P< 0.01),the lung tissue of mice in the IL-6,IL-10,the TNF-alpha,IFN-gamma levels were significantly lower(P<0.01), in vitro cultivation bezoar high dose group can significantly increase the CD4+ T cell percentage(P<0.05),in vitro cultivation bezoar can to a certain extent reduce model mice lung inflammatory exudation,pulmonary interstitial edema,as well as blood stasis symptoms. Conclusion:In vitro cultivation of bezoar has a significant therapeutic effect on a mice model adding disease with syndrome of coronavirus pneumonia with Yidu Xifei syndrome. It can be treated by reducing the lung index of the model mice,improving the pathological damage of the lung tissue,adjusting the immune effective and inhibiting the clearing of inflammatory factors,and to provide a laboratory basis for clinical medication.Copyright © 2021, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.

Assessing Trust in Online Collaboration in E-government during the COVID-19 pandemic: An Employee Perspective

Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, firms and institutions have to shift to work from home to prevent the spreading of the pandemic. As a public sector, employees in government institutions also collaborate online during the lockdown. Collaboration online has been identified as a challenge for employees. While our understanding of how employees' perception and trust of the e-government is still limited. To address this research gap, this study intends to investigate the antecedents of employees' trust in e-government during their work process in the new normal. By conducting a qualitative study with 14 in-depth interviews with employees with e-government experience during the COVID-19 pandemic, we extracted several key antecedents of employees' trust in e-government. Based on the qualitative data analysis, a theoretical model of trust antecedents was proposed. Our study provides a deep understanding of the specific antecedents of employees' trust in the e-government context. © 2022 IEEE Computer Society. All rights reserved.

Cytokine storms associated with respiratory virus infection and targeted therapy strategies.

Since December 2019, the novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) infection has broken out worldwide, causing enormous social and economic burdens. Sudden exacerbations in SARS - CoV -2 infected people may be caused by infection - related cytokine storms. The basic state of the body and the strength of the immune response determine the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2. The interaction between proinflammatory factors and anti - inflammatory factors, and continued proinflammatory response cause lung edema, exudation, progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome involving the lung tissues and organs, multi - organ failure, and even death. The efficacy of antiviral therapy alone for immune complications like cytokine storm during viral infection is not ideal, and the targeted therapy of cytokines has become a potentially popular therapeutic strategy. Early identification and appropriate treatment of immune complications contribute to reduce the morbidity and mortality of severe viral infections.Copyright © 2021 Heilongjiang Institute of Science and Technology Information. All rights reserved.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children related with 2019 Novel Coronavirus infection.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) reported in the United States and European countries is a disease with multi-organ involved symptoms related with 2019 Novel Coronavirus infection, which has never been reported in China. Although its symptoms are similar to Kawasaki disease, MIS-C has characteristics of higher frequency in older children and adolescents, gastrointestinal symptoms, haemodynamic instability, myocarditis and elevated inflammatory markers. Most of the children need intensive care. The pathogenesis and long-term prognosis of the disease need further study.Copyright © 2020 by the Chinese Medical Association.

Mind the Gap: The Illusion of Skill Acquisition in Computational Thinking

With the advent of online educational platforms and the advances in pedagogical technologies, self-directed learning has emerged as one of the most popular modes of learning. Distance education - -elevated by the COVID-19 pandemic - -involves methods of instruction through a variety of remote activities which often rely on educational videos for mastery. In the absence of direct student engagement, the asynchronous nature of remote activities may deteriorate the quality of education for learners. Students often have an illusion of skill acquisition after watching videos, which results in overestimation of abilities and skills. We focus on the efficacy of skill acquisition through interactive technologies and assess their impact on computational thinking in comparison with delivery through other traditional media (e.g. videos and texts). In particular, we investigate the relationship between actual learning, perception of learning, and learners' confidence in adult learners. Our results reveal intriguing observations about the role of interactivity and visualization and their implications on the pedagogical design for self-directed learning modules. © 2023 ACM.

Indirect inference estimation of higher-order spatial autoregressive models

This paper proposes estimating parameters in higher-order spatial autoregressive models, where the error term also follows a spatial autoregression and its innovations are heteroskedastic, by matching the simple ordinary least squares estimator with its analytical approximate expectation, following the principle of indirect inference. The resulting estimator is shown to be consistent, asymptotically normal, simulation-free, and robust to unknown heteroskedasticity. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate its good finite-sample properties in comparison with existing estimators. An empirical study of Airbnb rental prices in the city of Asheville illustrates that the structure of spatial correlation and effects of various factors at the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic are quite different from those during the second summer. Notably, during the pandemic, safety is valued more and on-line reviews are valued much less. © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Evaluation Effectiveness of in Vitro Cultivation of Bezoar on Mouse Model Combining Disease with Syndrome of Coronavirus Pneumonia with Yidu Xifei Syndrome.

Objective:To determine the therapeutic effect of in vitro cultivation of bezoar on a mouse model adding disease with syndrome of coronavirus pneumonia with Yidu Xifei syndrome. Method: BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups according to their weight grade:normal group,HCoV-229E infection group,cold and damp group,a mouse model combining disease with syndrome of coronavirus pneumonia with Yidu Xifei syndrome,and high and low dose group of in vitro cultivation of bezoar. The combination model of human coronavirus pneumonia with Yidu Xifei syndrome mice was established by the method of cold dampness condition stimulation+coronavirus HCoV-229E infection. In vitro cultivation of bezoar (0.128,0.064 g.kg-1 )was administrated by gavage for 3 days from the day of infection. The observation indexes included:general state observation of mice,inhibition rate of lung index and lung index of mice. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(Real-time PCR)was used to detect the viral load in the lung tissues of mice. Serum levels of motilin(MTL),gastrin(GAS),and cytokines interleukin(IL)-10,IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha)and interferon-gamma(IFN-gamma)in lung tissue of mice were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The percentages of CD4+ T lymphocytes,CD8+ T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes in the blood of mice were determined by flow cytometry. Result:The high and low dose group of in vitro cultivation of bezoar can significantly improve the general condition of model mice. Compared with blank group, model group mice lung index increased significantly(P<0.01), nucleic acids significantly increased expression of lung tissue in mice(P<0.01),significantly higher serum MTL content in mice,GAS content significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01),lung tissue cells in the immune factor TNF-alpha,IL-10 and IL-6 were significantly increased(P<0.01),peripheral blood lymphocyte CD4+ T cells in mice,The percentages of CD8+ T cells and B cells were significantly decreased(P<0.01). Compared with model group, in vitro cultivation bezoar mice lung index of high and low dose group were significantly lower(P<0.01),the lung tissue of mice express nucleic acid decreased significantly(P<0.01),MTL content decreased significantly(P< 0.01),the lung tissue of mice in the IL-6,IL-10,the TNF-alpha,IFN-gamma levels were significantly lower(P<0.01), in vitro cultivation bezoar high dose group can significantly increase the CD4+ T cell percentage(P<0.05),in vitro cultivation bezoar can to a certain extent reduce model mice lung inflammatory exudation,pulmonary interstitial edema,as well as blood stasis symptoms. Conclusion:In vitro cultivation of bezoar has a significant therapeutic effect on a mice model adding disease with syndrome of coronavirus pneumonia with Yidu Xifei syndrome. It can be treated by reducing the lung index of the model mice,improving the pathological damage of the lung tissue,adjusting the immune effective and inhibiting the clearing of inflammatory factors,and to provide a laboratory basis for clinical medication.Copyright © 2021, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.

Gem or Lemon? Investigate Information Disclosure and Price Effects in Secondhand Luxury Markets: An Abstract

While luxury is traditionally known as "extravagant” and "wasteful,” increasingly more researchers and practitioners have begun to refocus on the sustainable side of luxury and promote the idea of "positive luxury” (Batat et al., 2021). One effort is to adopt more positive business models, such as recycling/reusing/sharing luxury goods. Previously existing in the shadow of the primary market, the secondhand luxury market has grown rapidly in the past few years, and this trend accelerated after the COVID-19 outbreak. The emerging secondhand luxury market calls for more research as it has some distinguishing features. One of them is that information asymmetry regarding product quality is a big hurdle preventing many consumers from purchasing. This research uses a secondary dataset from a leading secondhand luxury goods resale platform to investigate factors influencing consumers' decision-making and how sellers can use information disclosure and pricing strategies to reduce frictions. Using negative binomial regression analyses, we detect a positive information disclosure effect. In particular, providing more product information through visual cues helps secondhand luxury sellers promote their products, as it reduces information asymmetry between sellers and buyers (Turunen & Poyry, 2019). However, this effect is moderated by the condition of secondhand luxury products. The information disclosure effect is weaker for products with better conditions, possibly because these products have relatively smaller product quality variation and less information asymmetry. Additionally, we find that different from the traditional luxury market, the overall price effect is negative in the secondhand luxury market. This could be because the negative substitution effect of price is stronger than the price-prestige effect in the secondhand market since the quality of secondhand luxury goods is typically lower and prevents high prices from providing prestige to consumers (Yao et al., 2022). Interestingly, this effect is also moderated by product conditions, possibly because consumers are willing to pay a higher price premium for high-quality products with better conditions to signal their tastes or status (Dubois et al., 2021, Vilkari, 2021). As the first empirical paper to analyze secondary transaction data to explore the pre-owned luxury market, this study's results have important managerial implications. Results suggest that sellers should be more transparent and provide more information about their products. The negative price effect among products in better condition is weaker than that for products in worse condition, suggesting that sellers of better or newer products could charge a higher price premium if they advertise more of a product's price-prestige value. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Efficacy and safety of traditional chinese medicine combined with western medicine for the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread worldwide. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) was considered important by Chinese health authorities in the fight against COVID-19. This review systematically analyzed and evaluated the safety and efficacy of TCM combined with Western Medicine (WM) for the treatment of COVID-19. We sought to provide summary evidence for clinicians when using TCM. We searched for studies in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Medline, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data from database inception to June 1, 2021. Overall, 31 studies (14,579 participants) were involved in the final systematic review, including 15 randomized controlled trials and 16 observational studies. TCM combined with WM showed main outcomes of a higher clinical efficacy rate (odds ratio [OR] =2.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.90-3.24, I 2 = 4%) and lower case fatality rate (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.19-0.49, I 2 = 80%) compared with WM treatment alone. No significant overall adverse events were found between TCM plus WM group and WM group (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 0.63-2.23, I 2 = 75%). Some larger randomized control trials would assist in defining the effect of TCM combined with WM on the treatment of COVID-19 complications such as cardiac injury. TCM combined with WM may be safe and effective for the treatment of COVID-19. © 2022 Heart and Mind ;Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.

A Two-Layer Network Propagation Model of Awareness Diffusion and SEIR Epidemic

In order to understand the transmission characteristics of epidemics similar to COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) with obvious expose period, a two-layer network transmission model considering time-varying factors is proposed to make corresponding predictions and measures. The UAU (unaware-aware-unaware) information transmission model is used to represent the diffusion process of conscious information about epidemic. In the underlying network, the susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) epidemic-like transmission model with latent state is used to describe the epidemic transmission process affected by conscious information. The MMCA (microscopic Markov chain approach) is used to deduce the transmission threshold of epidemics diseases. By analyzing the key factors such as forgetting factors and infection attenuation factors, the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed the two-layer network transmission model considering time-varying factors proposed. © 2022 Acta Simulata Systematica Sinica. All rights reserved.

Optimizing Remote Synchronous Learning in A Chinese Language Class: Theory and Practice

During the COVID-19 pandemic, remote synchronous teaching became the mainstream form of online instruction. However, reducing transactional distance – the psychological and communicational distance between instructors and students is one of the main challenges. Drawing from the Theory of Transactional Distance (TTD), this study describes the design and implementation of a remote synchronous class with high structure, high dialogue, and high autonomy for a second-year Chinese course at the post-secondary level. High structure is reflected in the organization of teaching content as well as the content delivery methods. High dialogue denotes a high degree of learner-content, learner-instructor, and learner-learner interaction within the course. Additionally, learner autonomy is increased through the presence of reflection tasks. Findings from surveys show students' high level of satisfaction with this design. However, due to the nature of language courses and the alienation caused by distance learning, most students still prefer face-to-face or hybrid courses. We hope this case study can shed light on how to integrate the strengths of synchronous and asynchronous teaching in future course design. © 2022 The Authors. Compilation © 2022 Journal of Technology and Chinese Language Teaching.

Therapeutic Effect of Gegentang Granules on Mouse Model with hCoV-229E Pneumonia and Hanshi Yidu Xifei Syndrome

Objective：To determine the therapeutic effect of Gegentang granules on a disease-syndrome mouse model combining human coronavirus 229E（hCoV-229E）pneumonia with Hanshi Yidu Xifei syndrome in vivo. Method： Mice were randomly divided into normal group，infection group，cold-dampness group，model group，chloroquine phosphate group（0.18 g·kg-1），interferon-α2b（IFN-α2b）group（1.83×106 U·kg-1）， Gegentang granules high-dose and low-dose groups（6.6，3.3 g·kg-1）with 10 mice in each group. Cold-dampness environment and hCoV-229E infection were used for modeling，and the general status and lung index of mice in each group were observed. The viral load in lung tissue was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR），the pathological changes in lung tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin（HE）staining，the levels of serum gastrointestinal hormones and inflammatory factors in lung tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA），and the percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes was detected by flow cytometry. Result：Comparing with model group，Gegentang granules could significantly alleviate the physical signs of Hanshi Yidu Xifei syndrome，including listlessness，weakness of limbs，sticky stool，etc. Comparing with model group，Gegentang granules high-dose group significantly reduced lung index，histopathological score of interstitial lung and bronchus，and the level of serum motilin（P< 0.05，P<0.01），two doses of Gegentang granules could significantly increase the level of serum gastrin（P< 0.05，P<0.01），the percentage of CD4+ ，CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood（P<0.05，P<0.01），and the level of tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）in lung tissue was significantly decreased（P<0.01），and the level of interleukin-6（IL-6）showed decreasing tendency. Conclusion： Gegentang granules has therapeutic effect on model mice. It can improve the appearance and behavior characterization，regulate the level of gastrointestinal hormones，decrease lung index and histopathological score，and possibly play an immunomodulatory role by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue and restoring the percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes. © 2022, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.

Cytokine storms associated with respiratory virus infection and targeted therapy strategies

Since December 2019, the novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) infection has broken out worldwide, causing enormous social and economic burdens. Sudden exacerbations in SARS - CoV -2 infected people may be caused by infection - related cytokine storms. The basic state of the body and the strength of the immune response determine the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2. The interaction between proinflammatory factors and anti - inflammatory factors, and continued proinflammatory response cause lung edema, exudation, progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome involving the lung tissues and organs, multi - organ failure, and even death. The efficacy of antiviral therapy alone for immune complications like cytokine storm during viral infection is not ideal, and the targeted therapy of cytokines has become a potentially popular therapeutic strategy. Early identification and appropriate treatment of immune complications contribute to reduce the morbidity and mortality of severe viral infections. © 2021 Heilongjiang Institute of Science and Technology Information. All rights reserved.

Teaching Computer System Courses with an Online Large-Scale Method

Domain-Specific Architectures (DSAs) and hardware-software co-design are greatly emphasized in the CS community, which demands a significant number of participants with Computer System (CSys) capabilities and skills. Conventional CSys courses in a lecture-lab format are limited in physical resources and inherently difficult to cultivate talents at a large scale. Online teaching is a potential alternative to instantly enlarge the face-to-face class size. Unfortunately, simply putting the lecture contents in CSys courses online lacks 1) personal attention, 2) learner-instructor interactions, and 3) real-hardware experimental environments. To tackle the above challenges, we introduce a four phase online CSys course program and the related teaching methods for a cloud-based teaching platform. The four-phase course program included two basic/required stages and two advanced/optional stages to promote students' knowledge and skill level with appropriate personal attention. We studied if online interaction methods, such as in-class chat and one-on-one online grading interview, can strengthen the connections between teachers and students in both lectures and labs. We created a heterogeneous cloud platform to enable students nationwide to reliably conduct labs or projects on remote programmable hardware. We believe that our proposed course design methodology is beneficial to other CScourses in the post-COVID-19-era. © 2021 IEEE.

COVID-19 reinfection: the role of natural immunity, vaccines, and variants.

The COVID-19 pandemic has altered innumerable lives. Although recent mass vaccinations offer a glimmer of hope, the rising death toll and new variants continue to dominate the current scenario. As we begin to understand more about SARS-CoV-2 infections, the territory of reinfections with COVID-19 remains unexplored. In this review, we will discuss several aspects of reinfection: (a) How is COVID-19 reinfection characterized? (b) Does prior literature differentiate between reinfection and reactivation? (c) What SARS-CoV-2 strains do the vaccines target and can they protect against new strains? Larger and longer timeline studies are needed to understand reinfection risks. With the ongoing distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to provide protection, the understanding of the possibility for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection remains critical. Abbreviations CDC: Centers for Disease ControlSARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019RT-PCR: Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain ReactionPASC: Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

When a Robot Makes Your Dinner: A Comparative Analysis of Product Level and Customer Experience Between the US and Chinese Robotic Restaurants

Integrating two theoretical frameworks, the product level theory and the experience economy model, this research analyzed and compared robotic technology applications and customer experiences in selected case robot restaurants in the United States and China. Guided by the product level theory, we first analyzed in which product/service levels were robots applied in each case restaurant in Study 1. Then in study 2, guided by the experience economy model, we further explored customers' dining experiences and compared if customers' experience differs due to variations in product/service levels that robot applied. The study first contributes to the product level theory by extending its application to the context of robotic restaurants. It also contributes to the experience economy literature, and in particularly, whether applications of robotic technologies at different product levels matter in customers' dining experience. The study included case restaurants both from the United States and China, presenting findings with cultural implications. Given the challenges presented by COVID-19 and the industry is exploring alternative ways for service delivery and food production, such a study is particularly meaningful.

Lower CD3 and CD4 counts in kidney transplant recipients who did not respond to COVID-19 vaccination

Background: Kidney transplant recipient's response rate to COVID-19 vaccination is reportedly less than 54% after the 2nd dose, significantly lower than general population and dialysis patients, reported as between 85-90% and 95-100%, respectively. Methods: We studied SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG levels in our kidney transplant recipients after their COVID-19 vaccination using the OrthoV IgG platform. Results: 69 kidney transplant recipients received a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (47 Pfizer, 20 Moderna and 2 Johnson and Johnson) at a median 36 months after transplantation (range, 3 months to 22 years). 61% were male, 39% Black, 29% Hispanic with a median age of 60 (range 22-82). 72% were deceased-donor kidney transplant recipients. 23 patients had previous history of COVID-19 diagnosed by SARS-CoV-2 PCR and/or antinucleocapsid antibody and 21 of those patients (91%) developed anti-spike IgG after 1st or 2nd dose with a median level of 13.2 (11.2-16.2). 46 patients without history of previous COVID-19, 17 (37%) developed anti-spike IgG at a median of 28 days (range 10-72) after the second vaccine dose with a median level of 5.7 (1.22-15.4). Patients who didn't develop anti-spike IgG tended to be older, of African-American descent, on MMF > 1 g/day, have lower CD3 and CD4 counts. Conclusions: In summary, most kidney transplant recipients without history of COVID-19 did not produce anti-spike IgG after being fully vaccinated and it is associated with augmented immunosuppression, lower T cell counts, African-American race and older age.

Investigating user satisfaction of university online learning courses during the COVID-19 epidemic period

Online learning has been expanding for some time but the forced move to it due to the outbreak of COVID-19 has created new issues. This study set out to investigate the impact mechanism of online learning user satisfaction from the perspective of cognitive load in the era of COVID-19 and explore ways to optimize cognitive load in teaching practice. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for the empirical analysis. The coding process of the interviews yielded several antecedents of cognitive load in the online learning process. We also proposed a theoretical model based on the literature review and data analysis. Findings of the qualitative analysis indicate that the antecedents of cognitive load are multi-dimensional and the user's satisfaction with the online learning platform mainly consists of the expected confirmation of the information system and the perceived usefulness. These findings can help us think backward about optimizing user satisfaction with online learning in the context of COVID-19 breakout. © 2021 IEEE Computer Society. All rights reserved.